Teamwork Essay free essay sample

Reasons have been proposed to explain why teamwork exists by (Cohen and Bailey, 1997). They suggest organisations can develop and deliver products in a speedy and cost effective manner. More so, teams are the best way to establish organisational strategy. Teamwork was defined by (Kozlowski and Bell, 2003) as the composition of two or more individuals who share tasks and work towards a common goal. They emphasise the importance of collaboration and cooperation. Teamwork has three important dimensions. Firstly, technical dimension relates to the division of labour and who does what task and when etc. Governance refers to authority and relationships between members. The normative dimension refers to the norms, values and assumptions of the group directing behaviour. However, there are dimensions which can differ between teams, for example the temporal duration. Some teams are required to work together for a larger period of time. The physical proximity of teams may range depending on the organisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Teamwork Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certain groups must work face to face where as others are dispersed geographically. According to (Hackman, 2002), teams need ‘teamwork’, meaning work that is designed for teams. An important factor relating to teams is interdependence, this is the extent to which people must work interactively and cooperatively (Stewart and Barrick, 2000). There are a number of benefits to an organisation by working in a team; these include efficient processes, reduced costs, increased innovation and skill utilisation (West and Markiewicz, 2004). Evidence to support this claim comes from (Delarue et al, 2008) who found associations between team work, workers outcomes, financial outcomes and operational outcomes. Godard, 2001) found with his questionnaire that teamwork positively related to job satisfaction, a sense of belonging and feelings of empowerment. This is supported by (Delarue et al, 2004) who found reduced absenteeism. The financial benefits were researched by (Cooke, 1994) who found that with the introduction of teamwork, there was a significant impact on val ue added per employee. Teamwork can have a profound effect on operational efficiency, productivity and quality. (Cohen et al, 1996) found that teams which facilitate high levels of employee involvement have a significant impact on efficiency and quality. If organisations are to reap the benefits of teamwork, then they must create and manage them in the correct way. Research into effective team working has commonly followed the input-processes-output (I-P-O) model proposed by (McGrath, 1964). The idea is that inputs affect outputs via the interaction of processes. We could argue this is too simplistic but it provides a useful framework. The first input is task design, the task must be achieved by a group of people working together so it should be demanding and complex enough to be completed by a team, as referred to earlier, there should be a high level of interdependence. The next input is team composition. This outlines the skills, knowledge and ability required (KNA). Bebin proposed nine essential roles. These are plant, resource investigator, coordinator, shaper, monitor, team worker, finisher, implementer and specialist. Bebin’s theory is not often fulfilled in practise though. Teams are often put together with little consideration for the roles required or the skills. This undermines team effectiveness. Another feature of the inputs is diversity; this is the idea that the team has a range of skills, ages, ethnicities and levels of authority. One of the most important inputs is the organisational context. Teams are often embedded in larger organisational systems, the effectiveness of teams may depend on wider contextual factors. Conflict within the organisation such as their wider objectives may impede a team so a team must operate within the company’s boundaries. (Hackman, 2002) suggests teams do not operate in an organisational vacuum. Team effectiveness relies on supportive organisational context that reinforces a team based structure. (Hackman, 2002) argues three systems can increase the likelihood of team success. Firstly, we have the education system which offers training and technical aid to a team. Then we have the information system which provided necessary data to complete the task. Lastly is the reward system which encourages rewards to all members equally to reduce inequality. The team objectives make up the first part of the processes. Teams should have a common purpose and clear objectives free from ambiguity. Reflexivity is the next stage and this helps to overcome team frustrations and any confusion regarding objectives. This is done by reflecting on immediate and long-term objectives on a regular basis by meeting and sharing information. Decision making is the next component; research has shown that teams make better decisions than individuals however there are certain process losses which can affect decisions. One of these is social conformity; the tendency to go along this the majority decision and exclude your opinion. This can occur due to leader power because the leader has more authority and influence. Groups try to avoid conflict through Groupthink (Janis, 1982), where teams sacrifice high quality rigorous decisions to conserve social harmony. Group may do this without even realising. Social loafing affect decisions when team members exert less effort and commitment. This has negative implications on the reward system especially If team members are rewarded equally. Overall, teamwork is a critical issue which organisations should develop and support real teams. Management must pay close attention to ensure they have the correct characters in the team to reap the full benefits of teamwork rather than pseudo teams which are present today. On a final note, not all organisations require teams so they should only be applied to the right tasks and situations.

Crime against Criminals essays

Crime against Criminals essays A Cult Icon Mark Chopper Read Mark Chopper Read is a renowned criminal from Australia. He is a notorious career criminal, arsonist, bully, extortionist, murderer. He is now a novelist with ten best selling books depicting his criminal acts, has had a movie based on his life, starred in television commercials and written 3 childrens books. So why do people respect and admire the man? Personally, having seen the film and read a few of his books, it is easy he is a likeable character, he stories are amusing, his sense of innocent blunt writing tells you a lot about him and allows you to almost befriend him, but you are left thinking what if there is two sides to the coin? He could portray his life of crime in a sense of fun but he can also choose to neglect his more serious or frowned upon crimes he may have committed. Even still the Chopper fan club has been around for along time now, before his first book was even published so there must be more to the reasoning of why after all the crimes he has committed he is still an icon? I think his victims and morals have a lot to do with the admiration of Chopper, his morals are pretty much that of the average person. He is believes on only extorting drug dealers, his premise is that they are getting a lot of money for causing the country harm so if he cant stop them then he will take a percentage of what they have got. His murder case was against a member of a thug motorbike gang that terrorized locals, even though there was insufficient proof he still was charged. Chopper believes that it is unfair for innocent people to suffer from crime, he is against drugs and dealers thinking they are the lowest form of life because they target kids for money, he claims to have never taken advantage of anybody innocent. So therefore he is represented as someone who is committing crime but ye ...

An analysis stem cell research

An analysis stem cell research Do the benefits of using embryonic stem cells for medical and research purposes outweigh the disadvantages associated with loss of life? Problem: Embryonic stem cells result in loss of life Embryonic stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the ability under certain conditions to create any of the different types of tissue in early human growth and can renew themselves through cell division1. The ability of stem cells to specialise into over 220 types of cells in the adult human body is what interests scientists and provides potential to create a variety of clinical therapies to cure disease2. Embryonic stem cells are harvested from fertilised human embryos that have either been donated or have been created artificially in a laboratory. Embryos are created by in vitro fertilisation and donated for research with the donor’s consent2. The embryoblast, the inner cell mass, of the blastocyst is removed and is placed into a culture dish containing a controlled culture of nutri ents that allow the cells to divide and create stem cell lines that are managed and shared amongst researchers3. Fig. 1 – A microphotograph of human embryonic stem cells4. Scientists are studying the use of stem cells in medical research to harness how they differentiate into specialised cells that make up the tissues of the human body2. Many diseases occur due to problems associated with cell differentiation so better knowledge about what happens in cells can help prevent these problems in the future2. In addition creating new tissues can help to repair damage caused by disease or the creation of new cells can assist patients who have deficiencies such as the inability to create insulin in the case of diabetes patients or have damaged or diseased organs. Such therapies could also reduce the demand on transplant organs and loss of life as many people die waiting for a transplant. Stem cell therapies hope to reduce morbidity for such people in the future. Stem cells are also u sed to test drugs before testing on live animals and humans2. In order to use embryonic stem cells, in researching and developing such therapies, a living human embryo, which would otherwise have the potential to develop into a baby in the right conditions, is destroyed by removing stem cells when it is about 4 to 6 days old. Destroying embryos in this manner has resulted in controversy over the sanctity of human life versus the potential to treat a number of human diseases. The sanctity of human life in arguments about embryonic stem cell research follows similar rationale to those that oppose abortion. Various religious groups see life as sacrosanct and hold that life is precious and the harvesting of embryonic stem cells and the resulting destruction of the embryo brings life to an end albeit to a collection of cells with potential to develop into a person4. Research using embryonic stem cells is still fairly recent. A few clinical trials are currently underway that are investiga ting the safety of the use of the techniques and stem cells in restoring spinal cord function and others in retinal stem cells being used to treat eye disease2.

Management in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management in Nursing - Essay Example Sundry Issues on Nurse Managers’ Leadership / Management Styles: Reflective Essay There has been a distinction cited between leadership and management. In particular, it has been noted that leadership is just one of the numerous desirable facets that a manager ought to have. The eventual goal of a manager is to optimize the productivity of the firm through effective administration. To carry this out, the manager must effectively carry out the functions of organizing, planning, staffing, directing, and controlling. Thus, leadership is said to only be a single aspect of the directing role. Moreover, Predpall (1994) suggests that senior management must manifest profound involvement and be a role model; such involvement by senior management cannot be delegated. There are several noteworthy issues which I have had the opportunity to reflect on during the course of my clinical placement. My insights were analyzed in light of the different leadership styles, and the strategies employed by each nurse manager who exhibited the style. The first leadership style, that of the autocrat, leads through the use of unilaterism to achieve one objective. This style, on the whole, requires that the leader exert constant pressure and directing from the leader to accomplish results. In addition, a prevalent outcome is submissive resistance from subordinates.

Pollock, Gottlieb and Newman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pollock, Gottlieb and Newman - Essay Example Varese’s music on the other hand emphasized timbre and rhythm where he group certain rhythm into a new definition of music called â€Å"organized sound†. Unlike Cowell who emphasized harmony and rhythm in his music, Varese treated music as a mere grouping of noises, which are sound we do not like, into a group that would make it pleasing to hear. The example of this was electronic music of which Varese was considered as the father, which was basically an assembly of industrial noise that became aesthetically pleasing to hear due to its arrangement and organization. The motivation of his music is organization to achieve musicality while Cowell was rhythm and harmony. The whole text of the quotation was â€Å"Where do we go from here? Towards theatre. That art more than music resembles nature. We have eyes as well as ears, and it is our business while we are alive to use them† (Cage, 1957 pg. 12). This quote embodied how John cage regarded theatre, performance or c oncept-driven works/compositions. He explored and encouraged the concept of indeterminism in his works which allows the appreciation of music not just those elements selected and prepared by the composer. This is reflected in his various works in theatre, performance and concept driven works as well as the number of devices he used to emphasize randomness in music. One of his notable works that reflects the indeterminism and the removal of personal preference is his 1952 composition titled 4†²33†³ where it was performed without any sound. .

Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples Essay The Native Americans were slaves from the north to the South of the Americas and right across the North American continent. The percentage of Native American slaves was larger than black slaves and they were enslaved far longer than Black slaves. Native Americans were slaves for about 500 years, from the 1400s to the 1900s. Native Americans slaves were for 200 years before African Americans made it to the new world. The slaves of Native American were shipped to several areas around the world, the Caribbean, Europe and the Middle East. [1] Native Americans were slaves even after slavery was removed because they were not citizens and the laws did not apply to them, the first Native American group was under Columbus, about 200,000 natives were harshly enslaved by him. Only 500 survived by the year 1550 and the group were extinct before 1650. [2] When Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in the late 1400s, his goal was to take all it natural resources and take it to Spain, he named it the new resource for Spain. Columbus figured an opportunity to convert the natives to Christianity, to provide another trade point with his mother country, and to learn about a vast extent of the agriculture and animals, as well as interesting cultures that the Old World had ever seen. However, one of the strongest causes of this difference in objectives was Hernando Cortes. Hernando Cortes’s purpose for the occupation of present-day Mexico was the conquest of the native peoples. Through harsh force and dishonesty, he destroyed the native tribes, making the Aztec Empire his own empire. In Bartolome de Las Casas writing about the indigenous peoples, witnessed a massive murder of the original people of Cuba, and became an opponent to the violent conversion of the Native Americans. He is considered the Father of Liberation Theology, arguing with Juan Gines de Sepulveda. De las Casas argued that Native Americans should be treated as other Spanish subjects of the king. He suggested that instead of making the Native Americans slaves, the Spanish should ship Africans to the New World for use as slave labor. [3] Alonso Zuazo said in his writings about the native Americans that the. Indians would serve as slaves for the Europeans in the sugar cane plantation in the coasts of Northern Africa. The main thing he was focused on was when the enslaving of the natives was failing in the sixteenth century; they wanted to replace them with slaves from western Africa. He found out that Africans were better slaves than the Native Americans because they came from agricultural societies and they know about agriculture more than the Native Americans. [4] Native Americans interacted with enslaved Africans in every way possible. Native Americans were enslaved along with Africans, They worked together, lived together in the same houses, produced recipes for food, shared herbal remedies, myths and legends, and in the end they breed together. Because both races were non-Christian, Europeans considered them under the Europeans. They worked to make enemies of the two groups. In some areas, Native Americans began to slowly engage with white culture. Africans were not affected with the conditions and diseases. It was because the Africans were already in contact with the Europeans when they had started trading with one another. Europeans felt they could handle the climate because of their skin color. Many Native Americans started to die because of the diseases. A lot of the Native Americans also started to escape and fight back, and many of them died. They also felt that Africans were cheaper. The Native Americans were less resistant to the diseases that the Europeans brought with them. In North America, the conquerors at first werent thinking of taking take Native Americans as slaves because they lived a harsh life that needed to be at peace with the Natives to continue. There were more Africans available and the Europeans found it more meaningful to buy Africans from Africans than to attempt to capture Indians. [5] Bibliography: Ivison, Duncan, Paul Patton, and Will Sanders. Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 2nd ed. publication place: Cambridge University Press, publication year. http://books. google. com/books? hl=enlr=id=JkqahTHpUmUCoi=fndpg=PA36dq=exploitation+of+indigenous+peoplesots=DojNLSzhZdsig=oW_5zCg8jDjBuKeOQbRVDVO9x9Q#v=onepageq=exploitation%20of%20indigenous%20peoplesf=false (accessed November 23, 2012). Saco, J. A. â€Å"Alonso de Zuazo (1518). † http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu. http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/active_learning/explorations/spain/spain_zuazo. cfm (accessed November 23, 2012). TAINO-L. â€Å"Bartolome de Las Casas and His Defence of the Indians. † http://www. hartford-hwp. com. http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/40/186. html (accessed November 26, 2012). Columbus, Christopher. â€Å"Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, Describing the Results of the First Voyage. † www. xroads. virginia. edu. http://xroads.virginia. edu/ hyper/hns/garden/columbus. html (accessed November 26, 2012). [1] Duncan Ivison, Paul Patton, and Will Sanders, Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2nd ed. (publication place: Cambridge University Press, publication year), 36-39, http://books. google. com/books? hl=enlr=id=JkqahTHpUmUCoi=fndpg=PA36dq=exploitation+of+indigenous+peoplesots=DojNLSzhZdsig=oW_5zCg8jDjBuKeOQbRVDVO9x9Q#v=onepageq=exploitation%20of%20indigenous%20peoplesf=false (accessed November 23, 2012). [2] TAINO-L, â€Å"Bartolome de Las Casas and His Defence of the Indians,† http://www. hartford-hwp. com, http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/40/186. html (accessed November 26, 2012). [3] J. A. Saco, â€Å"Alonso de Zuazo (1518),† http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu, http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/active_learning/explorations/spain/spain_zuazo. cfm (accessed November 23, 2012). [4] Christopher Columbus, â€Å"Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, Describing the Results of the First Voyage,† www. xroads. virginia. edu.

Biographical Narrative based on the video Fatal Game :: essays papers

Biographical Narrative based on the video 8216Fatal Game8217 Arising lethargic and groggy after their sleepless night at camp six, Mark Whetu and Mike Rheinberger were slow to dress, melt ice, and get out of the tent at three o’clock in the morning. They should have left at one at the latest but the wind was too gusty. Unfortunately, by the time they loaded their backpacks, strapped on their crampons and were ready to leave, it was three thirty. Mark, an experienced climber knew they wouldn’t summit before one p.m. but he had only been hired as a guide for Rheinberger, who, after seven tries at Mount Everest had still not been able to summit. For Rheinberger, descent was totally unacceptable. Too much labour, too many sleepless nights, and too many dreams had been invested to not summit. He couldn’t come back for another try next weekend. To go down now, would have raised one big question: what might have been? Mark was in front of Rheinberger and was growing impatient with his dismal pace. Ahead of them Mark spotted another team, returning unsuccessful from their summit attempt. As the other team passed, they chatted a little. It wasn’t until then that Mark realised how late it was. Twelve thirty. They were more than four hours from the summit, if they hurried. Rheinberger was not quitting now. Mark decided not to argue and the duo continued their ascent. At five thirty, when the light was slowly fading, they were so close to the summit. Rheinberger was quickening his pace now as he knew victory was in his grasp. At six o’clock, Rheinberger had finally accomplished what he been previously unable to do for the last ten years. But even in this moment of triumph, he was weakening with every oxygen-deprived breath. Down to one knee, watching the sun disappear, he looked like this was what he was sent to earth to do. Alarm soon hit them both, as when they were only meters from the top the light disappeared altogether. â€Å"We’ll bevy.† Suggested Rheinberger. â€Å"It’s the only thing we can do.† ‘Unfortunately he was right.’ Thought Mark. And so, they bedded down for the night in the death zone. A height where the body is dying – starved, from life giving oxygen.

Mcdonalds Marketing Report

As a company moving within a new integrated market it is necessary to evaluate what their impending strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are. This process is referred to as a SWOT analysis and plays an integral role within the daily operations of marketing teams. Successful market penetration becomes a greater possibility when a company can efficiently analyze their marketing environment and specify how it will relate to their own exclusive product. The goal is to match the company’s strengths to attractive opportunities in the environment while eliminating or overcoming the weaknesses and minimizing the threats† (Bowen et al, 2010). When analyzing the Golden Arch Hotel launch, it is important to consider the reasons why they decided to merge within the hotel industry and the pending opportunities it provided. This segment of the SWOT analysis will determine if the company will be able to capitalize and succeed within the intended market. One definitive oppor tunity for the Golden Arch Hotel was the booming hotel industry within Switzerland during the time of their product launch.The designated region of Zurich boasted a total of 17 newly constructed hotels alone. As Michel’s article explains, â€Å"their occupancy rates were high, and there was much diversity. † (Michel, 2005). Surely a well-respected and loved company such as McDonalds would thrive within a flourishing and diverse market such as this. Furthermore, Zurich was seen as a trendy environment; a perfect candidate for a new, modern and innovative concept that McDonald’s Golden Arch Hotel would exemplify. The assimilation of McDonald’s Golden Arch concept within Switzerland’s hotel and lodging industry did not present an easy transition.As a result, McDonalds was required to use all of their available strengths and abilities in order to achieve success. It is important that when focusing on strengths, the company perceives it from the point o f view of their customers. McDonalds ability to brand their product and cater to a family oriented consumer base is a major strength and crucial part of their image. Therefore, maintaining a family oriented image and concept within their Golden Arch Hotel would be vital for their success. McDonalds major strengths revolve around their ability to serve their customers a fast, onvenient, enjoyable and affordable product while still exemplifying a high level of professionalism. The elements of convenience and quickness would be integrated through the use of self check-ins. This essentially would allow the guests the opportunity to bypass the formality of the regular check-in process and provide them an efficient yet easy way to access their rooms. Having the hotelier background of CEO Urs Hammer was also a major strength as it provided a link to the hotel industry of Switzerland and demonstrated a high level of professionalism.The hotel would also maintain the friendly service demonstr ated within their restaurants by implementing a set of consistent service standards that employees would undertake. The concept of McDonalds creating a new innovative hotel product and expanding their market growth was potentially a very profitable and realistic idea. Unfortunately, the manner that it was undertaken was incorrect. As stated by Kathryn Medico, â€Å"an effective SWOT analysis will be conducted through the eyes of the customer† (Medico, 2012).McDonalds relies heavily on their â€Å"family image† yet they failed to illustrate this within their room types as they only offered rooms that accommodated only a maximum of two people at a time. Pricing and strategic placement were also inappropriate. A family oriented hotel company would ideally be placed within a three-star market, affordable for families and a wide variety of guests. However, the Golden Arch Hotel was a four-star brand situated in one of the most expensive demographic areas of Europe, charging a rack rate of $120 USD minimum per night. This pricing method would be more reflective towards business segmentation.However, business clients generally do not associate themselves with the lower priced products that McDonalds generally offers. This major flaw, combined with the limited availability of domestic Swiss workers, resulted in major weaknesses that the Golden Arch Hotel currently faces. There is also the threat of an over situated market that they are competing within, featuring a multitude of world-renowned international hotels. With the inability of the Golden Arch Hotel to establish themselves inside the hotel industry, it is quite possible that this lack of success may become a permanent reality moving forward. Mcdonalds Marketing Report As a company moving within a new integrated market it is necessary to evaluate what their impending strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are. This process is referred to as a SWOT analysis and plays an integral role within the daily operations of marketing teams. Successful market penetration becomes a greater possibility when a company can efficiently analyze their marketing environment and specify how it will relate to their own exclusive product. The goal is to match the company’s strengths to attractive opportunities in the environment while eliminating or overcoming the weaknesses and minimizing the threats† (Bowen et al, 2010). When analyzing the Golden Arch Hotel launch, it is important to consider the reasons why they decided to merge within the hotel industry and the pending opportunities it provided. This segment of the SWOT analysis will determine if the company will be able to capitalize and succeed within the intended market. One definitive oppor tunity for the Golden Arch Hotel was the booming hotel industry within Switzerland during the time of their product launch.The designated region of Zurich boasted a total of 17 newly constructed hotels alone. As Michel’s article explains, â€Å"their occupancy rates were high, and there was much diversity. † (Michel, 2005). Surely a well-respected and loved company such as McDonalds would thrive within a flourishing and diverse market such as this. Furthermore, Zurich was seen as a trendy environment; a perfect candidate for a new, modern and innovative concept that McDonald’s Golden Arch Hotel would exemplify. The assimilation of McDonald’s Golden Arch concept within Switzerland’s hotel and lodging industry did not present an easy transition.As a result, McDonalds was required to use all of their available strengths and abilities in order to achieve success. It is important that when focusing on strengths, the company perceives it from the point o f view of their customers. McDonalds ability to brand their product and cater to a family oriented consumer base is a major strength and crucial part of their image. Therefore, maintaining a family oriented image and concept within their Golden Arch Hotel would be vital for their success. McDonalds major strengths revolve around their ability to serve their customers a fast, onvenient, enjoyable and affordable product while still exemplifying a high level of professionalism. The elements of convenience and quickness would be integrated through the use of self check-ins. This essentially would allow the guests the opportunity to bypass the formality of the regular check-in process and provide them an efficient yet easy way to access their rooms. Having the hotelier background of CEO Urs Hammer was also a major strength as it provided a link to the hotel industry of Switzerland and demonstrated a high level of professionalism.The hotel would also maintain the friendly service demonstr ated within their restaurants by implementing a set of consistent service standards that employees would undertake. The concept of McDonalds creating a new innovative hotel product and expanding their market growth was potentially a very profitable and realistic idea. Unfortunately, the manner that it was undertaken was incorrect. As stated by Kathryn Medico, â€Å"an effective SWOT analysis will be conducted through the eyes of the customer† (Medico, 2012).McDonalds relies heavily on their â€Å"family image† yet they failed to illustrate this within their room types as they only offered rooms that accommodated only a maximum of two people at a time. Pricing and strategic placement were also inappropriate. A family oriented hotel company would ideally be placed within a three-star market, affordable for families and a wide variety of guests. However, the Golden Arch Hotel was a four-star brand situated in one of the most expensive demographic areas of Europe, charging a rack rate of $120 USD minimum per night. This pricing method would be more reflective towards business segmentation.However, business clients generally do not associate themselves with the lower priced products that McDonalds generally offers. This major flaw, combined with the limited availability of domestic Swiss workers, resulted in major weaknesses that the Golden Arch Hotel currently faces. There is also the threat of an over situated market that they are competing within, featuring a multitude of world-renowned international hotels. With the inability of the Golden Arch Hotel to establish themselves inside the hotel industry, it is quite possible that this lack of success may become a permanent reality moving forward.

Exercise 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion

Lab Report 8 April 15th Exercise 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion Lab Report Questions Activity 1 What is the difference between the IKI assay and Benedict’s assay? IKI assay detects the presence of starch, and the Benedict assay tests for the presence of reducing sugars as well as IKI turns blue black whereas Benedict is a bright blue that changes to green to orange to reddish brown with increasing levels of maltose What was the purpose of tubes #1 and #2? Why are they important?Because they are the controls and the controls must be prepared to provide a known standard against which all comparisons must be made. Positive controls all of the required substances are included and negative a negative result is expected validating the experiment. What effect did pH level have on the enzyme? It partially allowed the enzyme to do its job because there were positive signs of both starch and its reducing sugars. What effect did boiling and freezing have on the activity of amylase?Boiling did not allow the breakdown of starch because the reduced sugars were not present and the starch was where the freezing showed a ++ for the reducing sugars and a negative result in the starch showing that it reduced the starch. Activity 2 What was the effect of the enzyme peptidase? Why? The enzyme peptidase could not break down the starch by showing that there is positive IKI test for starch and a negative Benedict test for its reduced sugars. What is cellulose? According to your results, does salivary amylase digest cellulose?Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plants to provide rigidity to their cell walls and salivary amylase is not able to digest it because there were no positive signs of the Benedict test which should have been positive if a breakdown did occur. What happened to the cellulose in tube #6? It was digested by the bacteria showing a very positive sign for the Benedict test. Activity 3 What is the optimal pH level for pepsin? Why do you think that is? The optimal pH for pepsin is around 2. 0 because it showed a higher optimal density showing that more BPNA has been hydrolyzed.Also the stomach is very acidic adding to the reasoning that pepsin will work well in acidic environments. How was optical density measured? What is the significance of this measurement? A spectrometer shine light through the sample and then measures how much light is absorbed. The fraction of light absorbed is expressed as the sample of optical density. The higher the optical density is greater than zero the more hydrolysis has occurred. Activity 4 Why do lipids pose special problems for digestion?Because the insolubility of the triglycerides presents a challenge because they tend to clump together leaving surface molecules exposed to lipase enzymes. How do bile salts effect lipid digestion? Bile salts are secreted into the small intestine during digestion to physically emulsify lipids. They act as a detergent separating the lipid clumps and increa se the surface area accessible to the lipase enzymes. What factors affect digestive enzymes? Some factors that affect digestive enzymes are pH and the amount of lipase and bile salts in a solution.

Who benefits from Globalization

Who benefits from Globalization There are various arguments regarding beneficiaries of globalization. Are they the citizens of the poor or rich nations who benefit from globalization? In theory, globalization should benefit citizens of both poor and rich nations (Fischer, 2009). However, this is not the case. Instead, poor nations benefit from globalization at the expense of their rich counterparts (SinghaRoy, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who benefits from Globalization? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We may argue that developments and expansions of globe trades have positioned rich nations against their emerging counterparts. This has resulted from the working class or middle class in rich nations, who are responsible for economic developments, work hard in order to change or raise living standards of people in poor nations. When Britain was the superpower many centuries ago, it traded with the poor USA. Consequently, they established long-term relationships and interests. The trade raised living standards of the US citizens and its economy. As a result, the US became the superpower. This is the same way globalization should benefit emerging economies like China where most people are poor. However, some critics argue that globalization is not beneficial to poor countries because average wages in such countries continue to deteriorate (Rodrik, 2002). However, this claim is not true. The reason is that export of jobs and investment opportunities to poor nations offer opportunities for labor employment. As a result, globalization reduces widespread rates of unemployment in such countries and increases wages and average incomes of such citizens. A closer look at India shows this analogy (Ganguly-Scraseis and Scraseis, 2009). Today, India has more engineers than America. Most of these engineers do not have jobs to match their education levels. Consequently, they resort to odd jobs. However, globalization has changed t his situation in India. The main reason is that developed nations can outsource their jobs to engineers in India by using Internet technologies and software. This implies that citizens of rich nations must compete among themselves and with citizens in emerging economies such as Japan, China, Philippines, and India, where employers outsource these jobs (Steger, 2009).  Based on the shift of jobs from rich nations to poor countries, globalization has created issues of ethical dilemmas for employers who export jobs to poor nations. Ethical issues arise in many ways. First, such employers leave citizens of developed countries without jobs. Second, they aim to exploit abundant and cheap labor in poor countries. Some people from rich nations believe that they also generate higher-skilled jobs, which are more important to their economies than labor-intensive jobs they export to poor countries. Therefore, employers must face issues of exploitation of cheap labor in poor countries and expo rtation of jobs, which local citizens should do.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this respect, rich nations must realize that they are not beneficiaries of globalization. Therefore, rich nations must invest in creativity and talents in order to drive their economies. The explanation is that poor citizens are taking current jobs in rich countries. Therefore, rich countries must invent new jobs. Globalization has created competition across the globe at the expense of citizens in rich nations. As a result, rich nations must improve their skills in order to remain competitive. It seems that the ultimate beneficiary of globalization is humankind. However, globalization has introduced many challenges to citizens in rich nations in terms of loss of income opportunities. Therefore, the ultimate losers are citizens in rich countries. Only citizens from rich nations, who have advanced skills and talents, shall remain relevant in globalized economies. References Fischer, T. (2009). What is wrong with globalization. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Ganguly-Scraseis, R., and Scraseis, T. (2009). Globalisation and the Middle Classes in India: The Social and Cultural Impact of Neoliberal Reforms. London: Routledge. Rodrik, D. (2002). Globalization for Whom? Harvard Magazine, 104(6), 1-3. SinghaRoy, D. (2001). Social development and the empowerment of marginalised groups: perspectives and strategies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Steger, M. (2009). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who benefits from Globalization? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Internet law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet law - Essay Example It is capturing that the company has already received more than 41.000 requests and even hired a department of specialists responsible for removal. The title of the innovative policy explains its cause quite clearly - a person has a private right to be anonymous which prevails public right for information. The protesters of this step, however, claim that it puts Google into a very difficult position of a censor allowing its employees to decide which information has to be shown and which has to be hidden.   Thus, European society had to face a now new stage of information privacy in the Internet development and deal with it before other continents. But the tendency spreads really fast - Yahoo and Bing have already claimed that they would follow Google`s example. Moreover, there were request to make this policy global not to concentrating on Europe solely. Japan and Canada will probably join to Europe soon. This innovation will certainly do much good to the numerous users who had their name posted in some irrelevant blog posts, social networks, and awkward advertisements. First case of removal can serve as a perfect example of what â€Å"the right to be forgotten† actually means. Mario Gonzalez, Italian entrepreneur, requested deleting the advertisement of his long-resolved debt from the search engine data. Obviously, nobody wants his friends, partners or possible employers see such irrelevant and outdated information on the Internet since it can only cause harm to the reputation.    Most of us, people   posting something on the Internet daily, often forget that our name can appear out of nowhere in a Google search and show some negative or dubious aspect of our lives. It is much like the photos on which we look bad or funny, that we often hide. This information is personal, and the viewers can create wrong assumptions regarding our real personalities. Human brain eradicates unnecessary memories or at least puts them in the distant places of our mind. The

Alternative medical practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative medical practice - Essay Example The term has been in vogue since the last decade of last century and since then it has been gaining momentum in different patterns (Ockler, 2007). The overall concept has been to familiarize the concept to the masses, familiarize them to the benefits of overall project and provide them with potential guidelines how they may benefit from the entire idea and concept. The documentary explains number of experiences by the people and their approach and acceptability towards the new trend. The documentary focuses on number of people who has had a history of different kinds of problems in form of allergies and other problems. To the alternative fix pattern, the remedy to the allergy is found and suggested in form of bee pollens which can provide a possible solution to the allergies. The video/ documentary focus on the observation, and experience of the senator Tom Harkin who shares his experience and overall views about the entire idea and tells about the positive impacts of alternative fix against all the heavy dose schemes and medicines which are conventionally and other wise taken up by the patients in cases of allergies and other skin and health related issues. All these measures led to the exploration and development of N.C.C.A.M and over period of time it has gained massive support from all over along with the funds being donated in abundance from all corners. The entire budget stands at over a hundred billion dollars, which is invested into multiple projects such as further research, medical treatments, scientific research and various other alternatives and options which may be useful in helping the people in one way or other and in a more affordable and cheaper way. With less than 15 years under its belt (Peterson & Arcangelo, 2006)), the overall idea and project is going at a highly effective rate and has provided dividends in many forms. It is being estimated that around 20 percent of the hospitals in the